Original tshaj tawm los ntawm University of California:
California, lub tsev ntawm txoj kev loj thiab kev ua neej nyob hauv tsheb, tau tawm tsam ntev nrog huab cua phem - thiab tau ua tus thawj coj hauv kev ntxuav huab cua, piv txwv li hauv cov qauv tsheb emissions. Tab sis nyob rau hauv xyoo tas los no, qhov kev hem thawj tshiab rau huab cua zoo tau tshwm sim thaum lub caij ntuj sov thiab lub caij nplooj zeeg coj qee qhov hluav taws kub hnyiab phem tshaj plaws hauv lub xeev keeb kwm, kis tau pa taws thiab hawb pob hla ntau pua mais.
"Kuv tsis tau xav txog nws, thiab kuv tsis pom qhov kawg," said xibfwb Anthony Wexler, tus thawj coj ntawm UC Davis Air Quality Research Center, uas tau kawm txog cov teeb meem huab cua zoo rau ntau tshaj 30 xyoo.
UC Davis muaj keeb kwm ntev ntawm kev tshawb fawb hauv huab cua thiab kev noj qab haus huv. Piv txwv li, nyob rau xyoo 1970s, tus xibfwb Thomas Cahill thiab cov npoj yaig tau qhia tias cov pa phem ua rau kis tau zoo li cas los ntawm txoj kev loj tshaj hauv cov zej zog, ua rau lub sijhawm ntawd-Gov. Jerry Brown los qhia thawj cov kev tswj hwm ntawm cov hlau lead ua cov roj av ntxiv. Tam sim no cov kws tshawb fawb thoob plaws lub tsev kawm ntawv tab tom saib kev hem thawj rau kev noj qab haus huv los ntawm cov pa taws hluav taws kub.
Haus luam yeeb hauv koj lub qhov muag (thiab ntsws)
Cov pa luam yeeb yog tsim los ntawm cov khoom me me, feem ntau yog cov pa roj carbon monoxide, hais tias Kent Pinkerton, tus thawj coj ntawm UC Davis Center rau Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv thiab Ib puag ncig thiab tus kws tshaj lij nrog kev teem sijhawm hauv Tsev Kawm Ntawv Tshuaj Kho Mob thiab Tsev Kawm Ntawv Tshuaj.
Qhov loj ntawm cov khoom no yog qhov tseem ceeb, Pinkerton tau hais. Cov uas muaj 2.5 micrometers lossis me me - hu ua PM2.5 - tuaj yeem nkag mus tob rau hauv cov hlab ntsws thiab alveoli ntawm lub ntsws. Muaj cov khoom yuav raug kaw hauv cov hnoos qeev lossis noj los ntawm cov hlwb tiv thaiv hu ua macrophages, thiab cov khib nyiab tau hnoos los yog nqos. Tab sis qee cov khoom tuaj yeem ua rau lawv txoj kev los ntawm lub ntsws mus rau lwm lub cev.
Cov pa luam yeeb kuj tseem muaj cov khoom sib xyaw xws li dioxins lossis phthalates, tsim los ntawm cov yas los yog lwm yam khoom siv los ntawm kev hlawv tsev. Cov tebchaw no tuaj yeem muaj ob qho tib si raws li cov khoom thiab qee zaum ua cov pa roj. Xib fwb Qi Zhang, nyob rau hauv Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv Environmental Toxicology, pom muaj qib phthalates hauv Davis huab cua thaum xyoo 2018 Camp Fire.
Pinkerton tau hais tias "Qhov kev noj qab haus huv loj tshaj plaws nyob ntawm qhov loj ntawm cov khoom thiab qhov concentration," "Lawv tuaj yeem nyob rau lub sijhawm ntev, nyob deb."
Cov tsos mob ntawm cov pa luam yeeb muaj xws li khaus qhov muag thiab caj pas, hnoos thiab txham, hauv siab nruj thiab hawb pob. Lawv tuaj yeem suav nrog lub plawv dhia nrawm lossis tsis xwm yeem thiab qaug zog ntau dhau.
Cov tsos mob no feem ntau dhau thaum cov pa luam yeeb tawm. Tab sis cov pov thawj loj hlob qhia tau hais tias qhov cuam tshuam tuaj yeem nyob ntev lossis ua rau muaj teeb meem kev noj qab haus huv tsis tu ncua.
Kev sim ntuj
Thaum Lub Rau Hli 2008, cov pa taws los ntawm cov hluav taws kub hnyiab tau kis thoob plaws hauv cheeb tsam Davis. Qib ntawm PM2.5 ntawm UC Davis lub tsev kawm ntawv tau mus txog siab txog 80 micrograms ib lub cubic meter, zoo tshaj tseem fwv cov qauv.
Nws tsuas yog lub caij yug me nyuam rau rhesus macaques nyob rau sab nraum zoov corrals ntawm California National Primate Research Center. Nrog rau kev pab nyiaj los ntawm California Air Resources Board, tus xibfwb Lisa Miller, tus kws tshawb fawb ntawm lub chaw thiab ntawm Tsev Kawm Ntawv ntawm Veterinary Medicine, tau pib kawm ntev txog cov teebmeem ntawm cov pa luam yeeb ntawm lub ntsws ntawm cov liab uas yog 2 txog 3. muaj hnub nyoog thaum lub sij hawm.
Tau ntau xyoo, Miller tau pom tias piv rau cov liab yug xyoo tom ntej thiab tsis raug haus luam yeeb, cov tsiaj muaj kev cuam tshuam rau lawv lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob thiab lub ntsws ua haujlwm, nrog rau tib neeg lub ntsws kab mob Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disorder, lossis COPD.
Lub caij nplooj zeeg 2018 coj qhov kev sim thib ob ntawm qhov chaw. Cov pa taws los ntawm Camp Fire 100 mais deb tau npog lub tsev kawm ntawv Davis, lub sijhawm no thaum lub caij yug me nyuam rau rhesus macaques. Bryn Willson, tus neeg nyob hauv OB/GYN ntawm UC Davis Health, nrog Pinkerton thiab Xib Hwb Emeritus Bill Lasley, ua raws li poj niam macaques ntawm lub hnub nyoog yug me nyuam uas tau raug haus luam yeeb ntxov thaum cev xeeb tub. Lawv pom tias muaj kev pheej hmoo siab ntawm kev nchuav menyuam: 82 feem pua ntawm cev xeeb tub ua rau muaj kev ua neej nyob zoo, piv rau 86 txog 93 feem pua hauv cuaj xyoo dhau los.
Kab mob ua pa yog qhov tseem ceeb rau CNPRC. Cov kws tshawb fawb hauv chaw tau tsim thawj tus qauv rhesus liab ntawm cov neeg laus thiab menyuam yaus mob hawb pob siv cov tshuaj lom neeg, plua plav mite. Qhov no tau muab cov kws tshawb fawb muaj peev xwm los ntsuas cov txheej txheem lom neeg thiab cov kev kho tshiab. Lub Chaw Tiv Thaiv Kab Mob Ua Pa, coj los ntawm Miller, tab tom tshawb fawb txuas ntxiv ntawm cov pa luam yeeb nyob rau hauv ob qho tib si nas thiab tsis yog tib neeg primate qauv, suav nrog kev tsim cov chaw tua hluav taws los tsim cov pa luam yeeb rau kev sim.
Tshawb nrhiav cov neeg raug hluav taws
Tom qab qhov hluav taws kub Sonoma thiab Napa xyoo 2017, Irva Hertz-Picciotto, tus xibfwb ntawm kev tshawb fawb txog kev noj qab haus huv rau pej xeem thiab tus thawj coj ntawm UC Davis Environmental Health Sciences Center, tau pib soj ntsuam kev noj qab haus huv ntawm tib neeg cuam tshuam los ntawm hluav taws kub. Nws cov npoj yaig Rebecca J. Schmidt, tus pab xibfwb ntawm kev tshawb fawb txog kev noj qab haus huv pej xeem, tau pib ua B-SAFE, Bio-Specimen Assessment of Fire Effects, kawm tom qab ib pab pawg poj niam uas raug hluav taws kub hnyiab hauv xyoo 2017 thaum cev xeeb tub lossis ua ntej cev xeeb tub, thiab lawv cov menyuam. Thaum Lub Ob Hlis 2021, Hertz-Picciotto tau nthuav tawm qee yam ntawm nws txoj haujlwm ntawm lub rooj sib tham luv luv.
Ntau tshaj li ib nrab ntawm cov neeg teb cov lus nug tau tshaj tawm tias muaj tsawg kawg yog ib qho tsos mob (xws li hnoos thiab qhov muag khaus) hauv thawj peb lub lis piam tom qab hluav taws pib; tshaj 20 feem pua hais tias mob hawb pob lossis hawb pob. Ntau tus neeg teb tau tshaj tawm cov tsos mob ua pa txuas ntxiv lub hlis tom qab hluav taws kub, Hertz-Picciotto tau hais.
Nws tau hais tias "Tseem muaj kev pom tias qhov cuam tshuam ntawm huab cua tsis zoo nyob ib ntus, tab sis qhov peb tab tom pom qhia tias muaj kev cuam tshuam tshwm sim rau ntau lub hlis tom qab hluav taws kub - thiab tom qab ntawd koj rov qab mus rau lub caij hluav taws," nws hais.
Kev rov ua rau huab cua tsis zoo los ntawm cov pa taws hluav taws tuaj yeem txo qis rau cov tsos mob tshwm sim, Hertz-Picciotto tau hais.
"Nws yuav siv sij hawm tsawg dua kom tau txais cov tsos mob," nws hais.
California lub caij hluav taws kub kub kuj tshwm sim nrog qhov pib mob khaub thuas raws caij nyoog thiab lwm yam kab mob lub caij ntuj no, nrog rau COVID-19. Tej zaum yuav muaj kev cuam tshuam ntawm qhov cuam tshuam ntawm cov pa luam yeeb thiab cov kab mob uas ua rau muaj teeb meem hauv lub ntsws. Ntau qhov kev tshawb fawb qhia pom tias muaj hluav taws kub hnyiab tau ua rau muaj kev pheej hmoo rau COVID-19 kev kis tus kab mob, Hertz-Picciotto tau hais.
Cov menyuam yaus thiab cov neeg ua haujlwm sab nraum zoov
Ntawm cov kev txhawj xeeb tshaj plaws rau cov kws tshawb fawb txog kev noj qab haus huv yog cov menyuam yaus, thiab cov neeg laus uas ua haujlwm sab nraum zoov, xws li cov neeg ua liaj ua teb.
Pinkerton tau hais tias "Cov menyuam yaus ua haujlwm sab nraum zoov, lawv tau txais huab cua ntau dua piv rau lawv lub ntsws ntau dua li cov neeg laus, thiab lawv tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov pa taws kub hnyiab," Pinkerton tau hais. "Lawv lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob tseem tab tom loj tuaj."
Pinkerton tseem yog tus thawj coj ntawm Western Center for Agricultural Health thiab Safety ntawm UC Davis.
"Tsuas yog ob peb xyoos dhau los, tsis muaj cov phiaj xwm lossis cov lus qhia cuam tshuam nrog huab cua zoo rau cov neeg ua haujlwm sab nraum zoov," nws hais. Thawj lub xeev California txoj cai tau pib siv rau xyoo 2018. WCAHS tau ua haujlwm nrog cov neeg ua liaj ua teb thiab cov koom haum ua liaj ua teb los tsim cov ntaub ntawv qhia kev cob qhia thiab cov ntawv txheeb xyuas los siv cov cai.
Tus kws tshaj lij Kathryn Conlon, kws tshawb fawb txog kev noj qab haus huv rau pej xeem hauv Tsev Kawm Ntawv Tshuaj thiab Tsev Kawm Ntawv ntawm Veterinary Medicine, tab tom kawm tias California lub xeev cov cai tswj hwm huab cua zoo thiab siv daim npog ntsej muag rau cov neeg ua liaj ua teb txhais li cas hauv teb. Piv txwv li, cov kev cai xav kom cov neeg ua haujlwm raug muab nrog N95 qhov ncauj qhov ntswg thaum huab cua zoo Index tshaj 150.
Tab sis muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm kev tsim txoj cai thiab nws txoj kev saws me nyuam, Conlon tau hais. Piv txwv li, cov neeg ua haujlwm feem ntau twb hnav daim npog ntsej muag lossis bandana ua cov ntaub thaiv plua plav. N95 qhov ncauj qhov ntswg xav tau kom haum thiab tej zaum yuav tsis xis nyob thaum ua cov phau ntawv hnyav ua haujlwm sab nraum zoov thaum huab cua kub.
Conlon tau hais tias "Peb xav nkag siab txog kev nkag siab ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm ua liaj ua teb nyob ib puag ncig kev tiv thaiv huab cua hauv qhov xwm txheej pa luam yeeb," Conlon tau hais. “Cov kev ceev faj dab tsi uas lawv twb tau ua ntawm lawv tus kheej? Dab tsi yog muab los ntawm qhov chaw ua haujlwm?
Ib txoj kev tshawb nrhiav hauv kev koom tes nrog cov koom haum ua liaj ua teb tau qhia tsis meej pem txog kev tiv thaiv ntawm ntau hom npog ntsej muag, nws hais.
Haus luam yeeb-Borne Pwm
Cov pa taws hluav taws kub kuj tseem tuaj yeem nqa cov kab mob pwm los ntawm cov av hav zoov mus ntev. Xyoo 2020 Naomi Hauser, tus kws kho mob tshwj xeeb thiab tus kws tshaj lij kho mob ntawm UC Davis Health, thiab cov npoj yaig tau pom pom muaj qhov tshwm sim tshwm sim hauv cov kab mob pwm, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov neeg mob kub hnyiab. Thaum lawv tshuaj xyuas cov ntaub ntawv rau peb lub xyoos dhau los, lawv pom muaj ob zaug ntau tus kab mob pwm hauv xyoo 2020, zoo li tshwm sim nrog lub caij hluav taws.
Hauser uas kuj yog ib tug tswv cuab ntawm UC Davis Climate Adaptation Research Center tau hais tias "Cov no yog cov pwm ib puag ncig pom hauv av, uas tuaj yeem nqa mus rau hauv plua plav," Cov cua uas tsim los ntawm cov hluav taws kub loj tuaj yeem cheb cov pwm spores siab nyob rau hauv cov huab cua thiab kis tau mus ntev.
Txoj kev kawm txog cov khoom muaj sia nyob hauv cov pa luam yeeb yog qhov tshiab - Leda Kobziar, tus kws kho hluav taws xob hluav taws xob ntawm University of Idaho hauv Moscow, tau sau lo lus "pyroaerobiology" hauv xyoo 2018.
Vim tias pwm spores kuj loj, txog 40 micrometers, lawv yuav poob tawm ntawm huab cua sai dua PM2.5 thiab ultrafine hais thiab tsis mus deb li deb. Thaum lawv tawm ntawm cov neeg uas muaj daim tawv nqaij puas, xws li hlawv cov neeg raug tsim txom los yog nqus tau los ntawm cov neeg uas tsis muaj zog tiv thaiv lawv yuav ua rau muaj kab mob.
"Peb feem ntau, nrog cov tawv nqaij tsis zoo thiab lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob noj qab haus huv, yuav zoo, tab sis yog tias koj tiv thaiv kab mob los yog kub hnyiab nws yog ib yam uas yuav tsum xav txog," Hauser hais. Hauser thiab cov npoj yaig npaj kev tshawb fawb ntxiv ntawm cov kab mob no.
Kev Hla Dhau, Hluav Taws Kub Kub thiab Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv
Wildfires nthuav tawm cov kev sib tshuam. Kev nqhis dej, kev hloov pauv huab cua, kev tswj hwm hav zoov, hom kab mob thiab kev npaj hauv nroog cuam tshuam ua rau hluav taws kub hnyiab loj thiab hnyav dua; huab cua tsis zoo, kev sib kis ntawm COVID-19, kab mob raws caij nyoog thiab kev noj qab haus huv tsis ncaj ncees cuam tshuam rau kev cuam tshuam kev noj qab haus huv.
Kev hloov pauv huab cua ua rau muaj kev pheej hmoo ntau ntxiv, Conlon tau hais tias: Thaum tshav kub kub, dej nag, hluav taws kub hnyiab thiab huab cua zoo ua rau lawv tus kheej txaus ntshai thiab tuaj yeem sib ntxiv.
Conlon tau hais tias "Txhua tus neeg raug cuam tshuam rau cov kev pheej hmoo no, tab sis qee tus neeg ntau dua li lwm tus," Conlon hais. "Yog tias kuv ua haujlwm nyob rau hauv lub chaw ua haujlwm cua txias nrog cov cua lim, Kuv tsis tshua muaj cua sov thiab cua tsis zoo dua li yog tias kuv ua haujlwm hnyav rau sab nraum zoov."
Kev daws cov teeb meem no yuav tsum ua haujlwm ntawm ntau yam teeb meem ib zaug. Txhawm rau txo qhov cuam tshuam kev noj qab haus huv ntawm cov hluav taws kub hnyiab, peb yuav tsum ua kom tau raws li kev noj qab haus huv ntawm txhua qhov cuam tshuam.
Hauser tau hais tias "Kev noj qab haus huv rau pej xeem thiab kev tiv thaiv yog qhov tseem ceeb,"
'Wake Up rau Wildfires'
Nyob rau hauv "Waking Up to Wildfires," filmmaker Paige Bierma: koj puas xav tau ntau tus thwjtim? qhia cov dab neeg ntawm cov neeg feem ntau cuam tshuam los ntawm 2017 North Bay wildfires. Hnov los ntawm cov muaj sia nyob, cov neeg tua hluav taws, cov neeg saib xyuas kev noj qab haus huv, pab pawg hauv zej zog - thiab cov cov kws tshawb fawb uas sim ua kom nkag siab txhua yam.
UC Davis Environmental Health Sciences Center tau tsim qhov ntev-ntev "Waking Up To Wildfires," xyoo 2019 nrog kev pab nyiaj los ntawm Lub koom haum National of Environmental Health Sciences los pab pom qhov teeb meem ntawm cov zej zog tom qab hom kev puas tsuaj no.
